Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) occurs after surgery to the turbinates, finger-like structures in the nose responsible for regulating respiratory function. Damage to these vital organs leads to severe dysfunction, impacting both the respiratory system and the autonomic nervous system, often leaving individuals in a chronic state of fight-or-flight. This article will examine how disruption of neurological connections between the nose and brain affects overall health, as well as how the loss of normal nasal airflow resistance contributes to hyperventilation, reduced lung expansion and a reduction in negative intrathoracic pressure. Adversely affecting both gas exchange and the heart's stroke volume.
In Empty Nose Syndrome, these and other nerve endings have been destroyed, primarily due to surgery or amputation of the turbinates, and secondarily due to the subsequent dryness that occurs when the nose remains wide open 24/7. Over time, this dryness leads to a degenerative process where metaplasia occurs. This is an adaptive cellular change where the mucosal cells transform to resemble ordinary skin cells. As this process progresses, more and more of the mucosal function and sensation are lost. Consequently, complete Empty Nose Syndrome often develops months to years after the initial surgery, leaving surgeons without accountability.
HYPER-ventilation and Empty Nose Syndrome
In Empty Nose Syndrome, hyperventilation is observed in approximately 75-80% of cases, which is often neurologically related but also due to insufficient nasal resistance. Without optimal resistance, the lungs cannot fully expand during inhalation, and the airflow moves too quickly in and out of the lungs for optimal gas exchange. This combination leads to a constant fight-or-flight reaction, which in turn impairs the ability to sleep, concentrate, and relax.
As mentioned in the scientific study bellow, Stress activation in the limbic system is observed in Empty Nose Syndrome because the brain loses its ability to sense airflow through the nose. However, when study participants with ENS were exposed to menthol, which activates the remaining TRPM8 receptors in the nasal lining, they regained a slight sensation of airflow. This resulted in a reduction of the stress response in the limbic system.
Adequate levels of spO2 in the blood, yet simultaneous oxygen deprivation in the body's tissues
From the text above we know that hyperventilation is very common in ENS. During hyperventilation, the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, leading to an increase in blood pH (making it more alkaline). As the blood becomes more alkaline, the ability of hemoglobin to release oxygen to the tissues is altered. This phenomenon is known as the Bohr effect.
1. As carbon dioxide levels in the blood drop, pH increases, making the blood more alkaline.
2. This causes hemoglobin to maintain a tighter grip on oxygen molecules.
3. Consequently, oxygen molecules find it more difficult to dissociate from hemoglobin. As a result, less oxygen is released to the body’s tissues, potentially leading to oxygen deprivation in muscles and other tissues, even though blood oxygen levels may appear adequate.
This can result in symptoms such as dizziness, tingling, and a sensation of breathlessness.
In ENS-Hyperventilation, Test Lactate Instead of SpO2 to Assess Oxygen Delivery Capacity
When assessing oxygenation in ENS-related hyperventilation, it is crucial to recognize that measurements based on blood spO2 alone are not reliable. This is because we cannot determine how much oxygen is released from hemoglobin (As previously explained). Another method to evaluate how well the body is oxygenated is to measure lactate levels. Lactate is produced when cells do not receive enough oxygen, and the normal range during inactivity should be between 0.5 and 2.2 mmol/L. Levels exceeding this range suggest that hyperventilation related to ENS may have caused hypoxia in the body, even if spO2 blood levels appear normal.
It is worth noting that a member of our ENS group recently consulted Dr. Weiss in Mannheim for several respiratory tests. One of these tests measured lactate levels before and after physical exertion. The results indicated a lactate level of 4.2 mmol/L at rest and 14.7 mmol/L post-exercise. This increase can likely be attributed to a combination of ENS related hyperventilation, a deficiency in nasal nitric oxide, which normally enhances lung ventilation. And insufficient nasal resistance, resulting in an inability to fully utilize lung capacity during inhalation (explanation further below).
Let us now review the study:
The study shows that nasal breathing in healthy, non-nasally operated individuals affects brain activity, particularly in areas such as the piriform cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, which are associated with emotions and memory. This suggests that nasal breathing can enhance cognitive functions and concentration.
Electroencephalography (EEG) during slow breathing shows increased activity of delta and theta waves, which are associated with relaxation and awareness, similar to deep meditation.
Slow breathing also affects the autonomic nervous system, with measurable changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), indicating a balanced function between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
The conclusion of the study was that slow breathing and nasal breathing can improve both psychological and physiological well-being, with benefits including improved concentration, reduced anxiety, and increased calmness.
The effects described in the above study are due to nasal breathing stimulating various types of receptors (nerve endings) in the nose, which in turn stimulate the brain and vagus nerve, leading to psychological well-being, harmony, and balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activation in the autonomic nervous system. When the nasal mucosa is amputated or damaged, the calming effect on the nervous system ceases, leaving individuals with ENS trapped in sympathetic activation. This stress activation is further exacerbated by hyperventilation observed in 75-80% of ENS cases, which is not mentally induced but has physiological causes resulting from the surgery. These causes are a combination of receptor damage/loss and the nose being physiologically too open for calm and deep breathing that fully expands the lungs.
Nasal Nitric Oxide, effects on vasodialation of lung vesselsIn the following study: Nasal Nitric Oxide in Relation to Psychiatric Status of Patients with Empty Nose Syndrome https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2019.07.005, it was found that:
"Nitric oxide (NO) affects important neurotransmitters involved in neuropsychiatric disorders, and NO is proposed to play a 'dual role' in these conditions. Levels of L-arginine and NO metabolites decrease in patients with severe depression. A national survey showed that depression is linked to lower fractional levels of exhaled nitric oxide."
To note: Depression is extremely common among Turbinate reduction victims who have ENS.
Results from the scientific study: "We included 19 patients with Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS) and 12 patients with chronic rhinitis (CHR). Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) levels were significantly lower in ENS patients compared to CHR patients." (CHR patients = Nasal congestion patients)
"Our results indicated that NO levels in the sinonasal area may be related to changes in depression and anxiety status in patients with Empty Nose Syndrome."
Impact of Reduced Nasal Resistance on Respiratory and Cardiovascular Function
Lungexpansion in Relation to Nasal Resistance:
When the turbinates are significantly reduced or removed during surgery, the nasal airflow resistance diminishes. As a result, the body no longer needs to generate as much negative pressure to draw air into the lungs. This reduction in resistance decreases the workload on the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which are responsible for expanding the thoracic cavity during inhalation. With less demand for negative pressure to inhale, breathing becomes shallower, and the lungs fail to fully expand, utilizing only 50-60% of their capacity. This incomplete lung expansion leaves a significant portion of the alveoli, the tiny air sacs responsible for gas exchange, underutilized. As a result, the efficiency of gas exchange is compromised, limiting the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream.
Empty Nose Syndrome: Under and over ventilation at the same time?
Nasal resistance: Impact on Intrathoracic and Intra-Abdominal Pressure
The expansion of the thoracic (lung) cavity typically creates a downward force on the abdominal cavity, aiding in venous return from the abdomen to the thoracic cavity. However, with reduced nasal resistance, lung expansion decreases and the negative intrathoracic pressure diminishes. This reduction in thoracic pressure leads to a corresponding decrease in intra-abdominal pressure (stomach pressure), which impairs the effectiveness of venous return to both the heart and the lungs.
Compromised Venous Return and Cardiac Output:
The decreased negative pressure in both the thoracic and abdominal cavities results in diminished venous return to the heart. With less blood returning to the heart and lungs, cardiac output decreases. This reduction in cardiac output impairs overall circulation and limits the volume of blood available to deliver oxygen and nutrients to various tissues.
Impaired Gas Exchange Efficiency:
The reduced blood flow through the pulmonary vessels due to decreased venous return negatively impacts gas exchange. Less blood flow means that oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide elimination are compromised, leading to inefficient gas exchange. This reduction in gas exchange efficiency significantly affects respiratory health and overall oxygenation of the blood.
Conclusion:
Individuals with surgically reduced nasal resistance may experience symptoms such as impaired cognition, fatigue, dizziness, and decreased exercise tolerance, all due to compromised circulation and impaired gas exchange.